Stoa Philosophy
Philosophy, read from the sources
Clear answers about philosophers, ideas and arguments. Every page cites the primary texts and links into the complete works.
Explore concepts
All concepts-
The dichotomy of control
You will learn why Epictetus draws a hard line between what is up to us and what is not, and why that line is about identity and value, not stress management.
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Indifferents: what is neither good nor bad
Learn why the Stoics called wealth, health, and even death indifferent, and why that word does not mean unimportant.
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Memento mori: keeping death in view
You will learn why the Stoics practiced remembering death daily, and why this is a discipline of attention rather than a morbid fixation.
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Assent (synkatathesis)
Assent is the mind's power to say yes or no to an impression, and the Stoics treat training it as the whole work of philosophy.
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Cosmopolitanism: citizen of the world
You will learn why the Stoics held that your true city is not your nation but the whole rational cosmos, and what that claim demands of you.
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Impressions (phantasiai)
You will learn why the Stoics thought the real battle happens before you react, in the instant something first strikes your mind.
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Living according to nature
You will learn what the Stoics meant by nature as a standard, and why it points to reason and community rather than to instinct or simplicity.
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Progress: the proficient (prokopton)
Learn how the Stoics defined moral progress, not as knowledge or calm feelings but as a visible change in where you place blame and what you desire.
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Desire and aversion (orexis and ekklisis)
You will learn why Epictetus treats desire and aversion, not pleasure and pain, as the hinge on which a good life turns.
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Externals: what is not up to us
A guide to the Stoic distinction between what belongs to us and what merely surrounds us, and why confusing the two is the source of all disturbance.
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Justice: the Stoic virtue of giving each their due
You will see why Marcus Aurelius calls injustice a form of impiety, and what that means for how you treat other people.
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Social duty: why the Stoics treat cooperation as a virtue
You will learn why the Stoics thought rational beings are built for each other, and why acting for the common good is not self-sacrifice but self-interest correctly understood.
Philosophers
All philosophersPrimary works
All works-
Meditations by Marcus Aurelius
A Roman emperor's private notebook of Stoic exercises shows what it looks like to practice philosophy under real pressure, not just write about it.
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Handbook by Epictetus
A short, blunt manual for telling what is up to you from what is not, and building your life on the first.
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Discourses I by Epictetus
Epictetus's students recorded his classroom talks, and Book I lays out the single distinction his whole philosophy rests on: what is up to us and what is not.
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Discourses III by Epictetus
This book of the Discourses trains the reader to locate good and evil in the will alone, and to test every impression, from a beautiful face to a dead son, against what is and is not up to us.
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Discourses II by Epictetus
This book of Epictetus's lectures shows how confidence and caution, courage and care, can coexist once you sort the world correctly into what is up to you and what is not.
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Discourses IV by Epictetus
This book asks what freedom actually is, and argues that almost no one who thinks he has it, has it.
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Moral Letters Vol I by Seneca
A collection of letters from Seneca to his younger friend Lucilius that turns everyday worries, time, money, death, crowds, and friendship, into daily exercises in Stoic thinking.
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Moral Letters Vol III by Seneca
This third volume of Seneca's letters to Lucilius argues that a life's worth is measured by its use, not its length, and defends the practical work of moral advice against the charge that philosophy needs only its first principles.
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Moral Letters Vol II by Seneca
This volume of Seneca's letters to Lucilius argues that all virtue is equal, that goods won through suffering are as complete as goods won through ease, and that a well-lived life matters more than a long one.
Questions
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Did Marcus Aurelius really say life depends on the quality of your thoughts?
A look at what Marcus actually wrote in Meditations 5.16 and how it fits his larger view of the mind.
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Do you have to believe in providence to be a Stoic?
Marcus Aurelius offers a fallback argument that works whether the universe is governed by providence or by chance, and it shows what Stoic practice actually depends on.
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What did Seneca say about solitude and crowds?
Seneca warns that crowds corrupt an unfinished character, but he is just as wary of solitude for a mind not yet its own good company.
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How does Epictetus say to master desire?
A look at what Epictetus actually recommends in the Handbook: not indulging desire, but redirecting it toward what is up to you.
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What does Epictetus mean by saying every situation has two handles?
A short look at Handbook 43, where Epictetus turns a jug's two handles into a lesson about how to pick up any event.
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How can Stoicism help with social anxiety and embarrassment?
A look at what Epictetus and Seneca actually say about the fear of other people's judgment and the body's own reactions.
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Why do people do wrong, according to the Stoics?
Learn why Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius trace wrongdoing to error, not malice, and why that changes how you respond to it.
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Can we really control our beliefs and desires?
A look at what Epictetus means when he places opinion, desire, and aversion inside our control, and what that claim does and does not promise.
Recent podcast briefs
All podcastsWhy the Trichotomy of Control Misreads Epictetus
Michael Tremblay and Caleb Ontiveros argue that William Irvine's popular "trichotomy of control" distorts Epictetus's dichotomy between what is up to us and what is not.
Plato's Hippias Minor: Knowledge, Virtue, and Lying
The hosts discuss Plato's Hippias Minor alongside the Ion to ask whether knowing what is right is the same as being disposed to do it.
Ryle's Attack on the Cartesian Theater of the Mind
Two hosts closely read Gilbert Ryle's chapter on self-knowledge, debating whether his case against introspection as a private inner sense succeeds.
Heather Widdows on the Global Beauty Ideal
Heather Widdows talks with David Edmunds and Nigel Warburton about why a single global beauty ideal now shapes how women are judged and judge themselves.
Pierre Bayle on Suffering, Evil, and the Roots of Pessimism
Mara van der Lugt talks with Peter Adamson about how Pierre Bayle's dictionary entries on evil pushed toward pessimism and shaped Voltaire, Hume, and Schopenhauer.
Zoroastrian Philosophy: Dualism, Evil, and Greek Influence
Peter Adamson talks with Ted Good about Zoroastrian philosophy, its dualist answer to the problem of evil, and its documented exchange with Greek and Indian thought.